- <![CDATA[智慧創作專用權之性質與使用倫理─給原創條例的幾點建議]]>科技法律研究所<![CDATA[<span style="font-size:115%;"><strong>智慧創作專用權之性質與使用倫理─給原創條例的幾點建議 The Legal Character and Culturally Appropriate Practices of Traditional Indigenous Intellectual Creations-Suggestions for the Protection Act for the Traditional Intellectual Creations of Indigenous Peoples</strong></span><br />
作者：林孟玲<br />
出版年月：201507<br />
關鍵詞：原創條例、智慧創作專用權、智慧創作財產權、智慧創作人格權、智慧創作使用倫理、The Protection Act for the Traditional Intellectual Crea-tions of Indigenous Peoples、Indigenous Traditional In-tellectual Creation Exclusive Right、Traditional Intellectu-al Creation Economic Right、Traditional Intellectual Crea-tion Moral Right、Culturally Appropriate Practice of the Traditional Intellectual Creations<br />
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中文摘要:<br />
原住民族智慧創作保護條例的制定，對於保護原住民族的傳統智慧創作、文化成果之表達有顯著的貢獻。原創條例雖然立法意旨甚佳，是專門為保護原住民族傳統智慧創作所量身定作之立法，也注意到了原住民族智慧創作有別於著作權之概念，而做出調整。但是條例所用的權利保護概念，卻仍沿用著作權之規定，是美中不足之處。例如：「智慧創作專用權」的內涵仍沿用著作權的權利概念「智慧創作財產權」與「智慧創作人格權」；如果對於智慧創作專用權造成侵害，智慧創作專用權人的救濟管道與著作權受侵害的救濟方式並無二致，包括：排除侵害請求權、請求防止侵害請求權、損害賠償請求權、請求銷毀侵害智慧創作之物。此外，原創條例並未提及使用原住民族之傳統智慧創作時，不能違反原住民族傳統價值等觀念，有如進行關於原住民族的學術研究時，有特別應遵守的研究倫理。本文從智慧創作專用權性質之討論出發，繼而探討智慧創作財產權與智慧創作人格權之內涵。舉例說明基於部落習慣法而來的，智慧創作之使用所應注意之使用倫理後，最後亦根據部落習慣法，闡述現行智慧創作專用權之權利救濟管道妥適性。本文之建議期使原創條例能真正落實其立法目的：保護原住民族傳統智慧創作以及促進原住民族文化發展。<br />
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英文摘要:<br />
The enactment of the Protection Act for the Traditional Intellectual Crea-tions of Indigenous Peoples makes great contributions to the development and protection of indigenous traditional intellectual creations by adopting indige-nous legal concepts suitable to tribal culture. For example, it recognizes collec-tive rights to indigenous creations. Also, it recognizes that the period for legal protection of indigenous traditional intellectual creations as an exclusive right is permanent. However, concepts of traditional intellectual creation, economic right, moral right, and remedies in this act still derive from Copyright Law, and remain inadequate for proper adoption of indigenous tribal common law. Also, the Act does not refer to nor adopt culturally appropriate practices of tradi-tional intellectual creations, which is very important to indigenous peoples in order to prevent cultural appropriation, but also to foster respect between cul-tures. This article thus gives some examples to elaborate these significant con-cepts, including indigenous traditional intellectual creation exclusive rights, traditional intellectual creation economic right and moral rights, culturally ap-propriate practices regarding indigenous traditional intellectual creations, and culturally appropriate remedies when traditional intellectual creation exclusive rights are infringed. These suggestions should help to better protect and pro-mote indigenous traditional intellectual creations and cultures in appropriate fashion.<br />
]]><![CDATA[]]>https://www.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0001&detailNo=1401058221455577088&type=s智慧創作專用權之性質與使用倫理─給原創條例的幾點建議
- <![CDATA[氣候變遷調適法制的建構與意義──從國際到國內的連結變動軌跡]]>科技法律研究所<![CDATA[<span style="font-size:115%;"><strong>氣候變遷調適法制的建構與意義──從國際到國內的連結變動軌跡 The Emergence of Climate Change-Adaptation Law and Its Implications:The Evolving Trajectory from International to National</strong></span><br />
作者：<br />
出版年月：201507<br />
關鍵詞：氣候變遷、調適、聯合國氣候變化綱要公約、國家氣候變遷調適政策綱領、轉型、環境法、Climate Change、Adaptation、UNFCCC、Adaptation Poli-cy Framework、Nation’s Adaptation Policy Framework、Transformation、Environmental Law<br />
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中文摘要:<br />
因應氣候變遷的衝擊，立法推動調適法制已經勢在必行，然而，對於調適法制應該如何建構，既有的環境法是否能因應氣候變遷調適的需求等議題，未受到臺灣法律學界充分討論。<br />
本文借鏡國際上調適法制的建構發展歷程，嘗試從聯合國氣候變化綱要公約體系的規範發展與後續聯合國發展規劃署提出的調適政策綱領，釐清調適法制的形貌以及未來法制建構的方向。<br />
本文主張，調適法制已經浮現一種新的環境法模式，特色包括連結全球與地方、呼應全球多層次治理、與發展脈絡結合、注重學習取向的程序建置並且強調社會轉型與遷徙的規範目標。據此檢視臺灣「國家氣候變遷調適政策綱領」，本文提出其不足之處，期待藉此未來調適法制繼續發展的動力與思考。<br />
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英文摘要:<br />
Legislation for climate change adaptation has been recognized as inevita-ble and necessary. However, how do we construct climate change adaptation law and whether adaptation law challenges existing environmental law? An-swers to these questions are far from clear. <br />
This article refers to the development of adaptation law of the regime of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Adaptation Policy Framework of UNDP, attempting to delineate the existing framework of adaptation law and to shed lights for future legal discussion. <br />
This article argues that, adaptation law has evolved into a new legal mod-el that is different from existing environmental law. The features of emerging adaptation law include: 1.connecting global commonalty and local variation; 2.global multilevel governance; 3.integrated to national development project; 4.learning-oriented procedure; 5. the function of transformation and immigra-tion. This article then examines the Nation’s Adaptation Policy Framework of Taiwan published by the Executive Yuan in 2012 and points out the disad-vantage of it. Through the analysis, this article hopes to generate more discus-sion and deliberation on climate change adaptation law in the future.<br />
]]><![CDATA[]]>https://www.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0001&detailNo=1401057808081752064&type=s氣候變遷調適法制的建構與意義──從國際到國內的連結變動軌跡
- <![CDATA[醫療糾紛鑑定意見對法官心證之影響]]>科技法律研究所<![CDATA[<span style="font-size:115%;"><strong>醫療糾紛鑑定意見對法官心證之影響 How Medical Assessments Impact Trials’ Outcomes: A Nationwide Study</strong></span><br />
作者：吳俊穎、楊增暐、陳榮基<br />
出版年月：201507<br />
關鍵詞：醫療糾紛訴訟、醫療鑑定、實證研究、身體傷害、Medical Malpractice Litigation、Medical Assessment、Em-pirical Study、Medical Injury<br />
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中文摘要:<br />
醫療糾紛涉及醫療疏失及因果關係等專業判斷，因此實務操作上相當仰賴囑託鑑定，然而，醫療糾紛鑑定在法庭運作上，有多少機會被法官引用？如何影響判決結果？又哪些案例特性會影響到醫療糾紛鑑定在法庭上的角色？過去的文獻從未探討過這些議題。本研究希望藉由司法院的法學資料檢索系統，進行醫療訴訟案件之實證分析，好回答上述重要問題。<br />
本研究分析了民國91年到99年之間，總計1,917件醫療糾紛判決案例。其中，法官引用鑑定意見據以形成法院心證者，總數達1,295件，所占比例達到83.0%。在多變數分析中，我們發現刑事訴訟案件（勝算比1.98倍），以及重傷或死亡的案件（勝算比2.89倍），法官在其裁判過程中，顯有較高的機會引用鑑定意見據以形成心證。至於醫療糾紛判決結果部分，我們發現在多變數分析中，經控制了相關因素之後，鑑定結果對於醫師有利時（勝算比37.72倍），以及在刑事訴訟中（勝算比2.64倍），尤見醫方有顯著較高的勝訴機會。進一步帶入分層多變數分析，我們發現鑑定意見不利於醫方時，被告醫師在刑事追訴的定罪機會為四成多，偏巧與醫療糾紛的疏失鑑定維持率相仿。反之，當鑑定意見有利於醫方時，醫方卻仍有6%的敗訴或者定罪的機會，其原因還有待將來的研究予以解答。<br />
本研究證實了法官的心證過程中，相當高的程度引用了鑑定意見，特別是在刑事訴訟案件，以及重傷或者死亡案件。而鑑定意見有利於醫方，以及病方採取刑事訴訟，則是醫方勝訴的兩個顯著獨立因素。<br />
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英文摘要:<br />
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Medical malpractice litigation involves very professional judgment about negligence and causality. Therefore, professional medical assessments are es-sential for judges to make their sentences. However, how often the judges use the assessment reports in their cases and how the assessment reports influence the trials remain unclear in Taiwan. Therefore, we conducted an empirical study based on a nationwide trial database. <br />
We analyzed 1,917 medical malpractice litigation cases between 2002 and 2010. Among these cases, judges used assessment reports in their cases in 1,295 trials (83.0%). In multivariate analyses, criminal cases (odds ratio, OR=1.98) and cases with severe injury or death (OR=2.89) were associated with higher chance to use assessment reports in trials. For outcomes of trials, we found physicians had higher chance to win the suits if the assessment re-ports favoring physician (OR=37.72) or in criminal courts (OR=2.64). In strat-ified multivariate analyses, we found that if assessment reports did not favor physicians, physicians had about 40% chance to win their trials, which was approximately the same chance as the consistent rate of negligence in the as-sessment reports. On the other hand, physicians still had 6% chance to lose their trials even though the assessment reports did not find any negligence. <br />
In the present study, we used empirical evidence to prove that medical as-sessment reports were highly cited in the medical malpractice litigations, espe-cially in criminal cases and cases with severe injury or death. Assessment re-ports favoring physicians and criminal cases were the two independent factors associated with higher chance for physicians to win their cases after adjusting other factors.]]><![CDATA[]]>https://www.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0001&detailNo=1401057423044644864&type=s醫療糾紛鑑定意見對法官心證之影響
- <![CDATA[我國法上專利侵權賠償責任之主觀要件──以智財法院判決實證研究為中心]]>科技法律研究所<![CDATA[<span style="font-size:115%;"><strong>我國法上專利侵權賠償責任之主觀要件──以智財法院判決實證研究為中心 Subjective Criteria of Patent In-fringement Compensation in Taiwan: Focusing on Empirical Investigation of Intellectual Property Court’s Decisions</strong></span><br />
作者：洪紹庭、王立達<br />
出版年月：201507<br />
關鍵詞：專利侵權、主觀要件、過失、故意、注意義務、Patent Infringement、Subjective Criteria、Negligence、Willfulness、Duty of Care<br />
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中文摘要:<br />
我國過去專利侵權賠償責任之主觀要件，由於舊專利法中並未明文規定，學者與實務多認應回歸民法侵權行為之主觀要件，然而，該主觀要件之故意過失，究竟採取何種標準，當時尚存有爭議。經過學術與實務見解逐漸統一後，如今2013年新專利法已經明定採取過失責任，亦即專利侵權損害賠償之成立，除系爭專利有效、系爭產品落入專利權範圍外，被控侵權人仍需要有主觀上故意過失，始負專利侵權之賠償責任。侵權行為之過失責任概念，係採善良管理人注意義務，基於專利制度的特殊性，此一注意義務之概念在專利法中應該如何適用，不同專利侵權案件的潛在侵權人應負注意義務的範圍為何，以及侵權故意如何認定，係本文欲探討之對象。本文實證研究針對智慧財產法院成立以來之專利民事判決，探討我國審判實務上專利侵權賠償主觀要件的判斷標準。研究結果發現，智財法院將過失概念予以客觀化及類型化，對於不同類型之被控侵權人採用高、中、低等三種不同強度之注意義務判斷標準，殊值注意。<br />
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英文摘要:<br />
Previously, subjective elements of patent infringement compensation were not stipulated in Taiwanese patent law. Most scholars and courts referred to tort law for guidance. They initially disagreed on the issue whether the compensation for patent infringement should be strict liability, negligent liabil-ity, or the latter with assumption of negligence, but over time their view con-verges and largely considered it as a type of negligent liability, which is explic-itly adopted by the patent law in 2013. In other words, even though the patent at bar in a litigation is valid and infringed, the patent owner still has to prove the defendant’s intent or negligence as to the infringement to recover mone-tary damages. This paper investigates decisions of the Intellectual Property Court since its establishment in 2008, in search of practical standards that the court exploits to assess intent and negligence in patent cases. The findings of this survey indicate that when determining negligence, the scope and content of the duty of care that the defendant should bear plays a critical role. The court categorizes defendants with various backgrounds into groups and differs their duty of care accordingly. In this way, the court actually utilizes multiple standards in assessing negligence. The judicial practice objectivizes the con-cept of negligence, stratifies it for different groups of defendants, and there-fore worthy of notice.]]><![CDATA[]]>https://www.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0001&detailNo=1401057007284260864&type=s我國法上專利侵權賠償責任之主觀要件──以智財法院判決實證研究為中心
- <![CDATA[論WTO《SPS協定》與Codex瘦肉精安全標準之適當性]]>科技法律研究所<![CDATA[<span style="font-size:115%;"><strong>論WTO《SPS協定》與Codex瘦肉精安全標準之適當性 On the Food Safety Standard and Its Adequacy in WTO/SPS Agreement and Codex/Ractopamine</strong></span><br />
作者：譚偉恩、許耀明 (Yao-Ming Hsu)<br />
出版年月：201507<br />
關鍵詞：食品安全法典委員會、國際食品安全標準、非關稅貿易障礙、瘦肉精、SPS協定、Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex)、International Food Safety Standard、Non-Tariff Barriers、Ratopamine、SPS Agreement<br />
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中文摘要:<br />
「貿易障礙」自GATT到WTO時期均一直被視為是對貿易自由化此一價值的減損或否定，故應予設法消除或管制。然而，任何「自由化」的追求均不宜是毫無限制的。基於此一思考，本文檢視目前WTO中涉及維護人體健康及相關食品安全標準的法律文件—《SPS協定》及其附件A，並以該協定所肯認之一項國際組織的安全標準—瘦肉精（Ractopamine）的殘留值為例，討論維護消費者食品安全法益的貿易障礙是否在追求自由化的國際貿易法律規範中受到過度與不當之限制。經由追溯《SPS協定》設立的歷史背景以及Codex在制定瘦肉精安全標準上之實踐，本文不但發現《SPS協定》在規範層面上存有缺失，並對新自由制度主義（Neoliberal Institutionalism）的基本理論假設提出質疑與修正。<br />
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英文摘要:<br />
Trade barriers should be eliminated or managed because they contradict or weaken the value of trade liberalization. However, any promotions of liber-alization without limitations or restraints are doubtful. Considering a matter in this aspect, this essay reviews the SPS Agreement and its Annex A which are both legal documents regarding human health protection and food safety standards under the WTO system. Meanwhile, this essay also inspects maxi-mum residue limits (MRLs) for the amount of the drug—Ractopamine—allowed in the tissues of animal, an international standard made by the Codex, delegated by the SPS Agreement. By reviewing the two documents above, this essay examines whether or not the WTO is excessive or unjust to block trade barriers regarding human health protection and food safety standards. Based on the historical background about the formation process of SPS Agreement and the practice of the Codex’s safety standards mentioned in the SPS Agree-ment’s Annex A, this essay does not only point out the flaws in the SPS Agreement, but also rebuts some hypotheses being a part of foundations of international organizations from the Neoliberal Institutionalism perspective.<br />
]]><![CDATA[]]>https://www.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0001&detailNo=1401056618942042112&type=s論WTO《SPS協定》與Codex瘦肉精安全標準之適當性